English Grammar Prefix & Suffix III

PREFIX AND SUFFIX III

4. ADJECTIVE-forming suffixes:
Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-al	having the quality of	computational, logical, technical
-ar		circular, rectangular, cellular, regular
-ic		magnetic, automatic, dramatic
-ical		Electrical, musical, physical
-able	capable of being	Comparable, doable, suitable
-ble		Divisible, visible, flexible
-ous	like, full of	dangerous, insidious, miraculous
-ful	characterized by	helpful, careful, useful
-less	without	careless, meaningless, useless
-ish	like	Yellowish, boyish, foolish
-ed	having the quality of	computed, processed, fermented
-ive		Interactive, massive, collective

2. VERB-forming suffixes:
Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-ize/-ise	to make	Computerize, advertise, fertilize
-ate		automate, activate, calculate
-ify		Simplify, modify, amplify
-en		harden, widen, lengthen, shorten

3. ADVERB-forming suffix:
Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-ly	in the manner of	electronically, logically, comparably, slowly, quickly, automatically, carefully

English Grammar Prefix & Suffix II

PREFIX AND SUFFIX II

SUFFIXES: Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word.

For example:

Word    Suffix                    New Word

Child      -Ish                        Childish

Work     -Er                          Worker

Taste     -Less                      Tasteless

Idol        -Ize/-Ise               Idolize/Idolise

Like        -Able                     Likeable

The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish.

Some Nouns forming Suffixes.

               

1. NOUN-forming suffixes:
Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-ance	state	Performance, ignorance, distance
-ence	quality of	Independence, absence, circumference
-er, -or	a person who a thing which	programmer, operator, biographer compiler, accumulator, processor, calculator
-ist, -yst	a person who	analyst, typist, dentist
-ian	pertaining to	Electrician, magician
-tion, -ation	the act of	Compilation, calculation, combination
-ness	condition of	readiness, cleanliness, happiness
-ion	action/state	Conversion, revision, compulsion
-ing	activity	Multiplexing, driving, mixing
-ment	state, action	measurement, requirement, development
-ity	state, quality	Electricity, scarcity,
-ism	condition/state	Magnetism, monotheism
-dom	domain/condition	Freedom, kingdom, boredom
-ship	condition/state	relationship, partnership, friendship
-acy, asy		Advocacy, pharmacy, fantasy

English Grammar Prefix and Suffix I

PREFIX AND SUFFIX

Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.

PREFIXES: Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning.

For example:

Word                   Prefix                   New Word

Happy                   Un-                        Unhappy

Cultural                 Multi-                    Multicultural

Work                    Over-                    Overwork

Space                   Cyber-                  Cyberspace

Market                  Super-                  Supermarket

1. Negative and positive prefixes:
	Prefix	Meaning	Examples
Negative:	un-	not	Uncover, undo, uncertain
	in-	not	Incomplete, injustice, incorrect
	im-	not	Impossible, immeasurable, impure, immature
	il-	not	Illegal, illegitimate
	ir-	not	irregular, irrelevant, irreversible
	non-	not connected with	non-programmable, non-performer
	mis-	bad, wrong	Misdirect, mislead, misguide
	mal-	bad, wrong	Malfunction, malnutrition, malpractice
	dis-	opposite feeling	Disagree, dislike, dishonest
	dis-	opposite action	Disconnect, disarm, disable, disapprove
	anti-	against	antiglare, antistatic, antivirus, antidote
	de-	reduce, reverse	demagnetize, decode, demark
	under-	too little	Underestimate,
Positive:	re-	do again	Reorganize, redo, rearrange
	over-	too much	Overload, overdue, overachiever

English Grammar Verbs II

Verbs and types of Verbs II

 Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs):

English verbs have only a limited number of forms.

For example, the typical English verb write has the following forms: write, writes, wrote, written, writing.

But these forms are not always sufficient to express all the meanings.

For example, ideas like questioning, negation, time, repetition, completion, willingness, obligation etc. cannot be expressed by using the simple forms of the verb.

In order to express these ideas, a number of helping or auxiliary verbs are added to other verbs.

There are two kinds of auxiliary verbs.

Ø  Primary Auxiliary:

There are three primary auxiliaries;

BE, Do and Have

·         Be is added to other verbs to make continuous and passive verb forms.

Its forms are am, is, are, was, were, been.

Examples:

§  He is writing. (Present continuous)

§  They were singing. (Past continuous)

§  The dinner was cooked by my Dad. (Simple past – passive)

·         Do has three forms: do, does and did

Do is used to make questions, negatives and emphatic sentence forms.

Examples:

§  Do you sing?

§  He doesn’t eat meat.

§  Do come in.

·         Have is used to make perfect verb forms.

 Its forms are: has, have and had

Examples:

§  What have you done?

§  Where has she gone?

§  I realized that I hadn’t posted the letter.

Ø  Modal Auxiliary Verbs:

The verbs will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must and ought are called modal auxiliary verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs are used with other verbs to express different degrees of certainty or obligation.

Examples:

§  She must have arrived.

§  You ought to help him.

§  She said that she would help me.

NOTE: Modal Auxiliary verbs are also known as Defective verb because they cannot be used alone.

They are always used with the Action Verbs.